{"id":55,"date":"2026-11-01T13:46:11","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T13:46:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T13:46:11","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T13:46:11","slug":"ku","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/","title":{"rendered":"Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/language\/\" data-net=\"idcdc\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"More\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--girih\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><polygon points=\"94.3,68.4 68.4,94.3 31.6,94.3 5.7,68.4 5.7,31.6 31.6,5.7 68.4,5.7 94.3,31.6\" class=\"m1f\"\/><polygon points=\"50,10 59.2,27.8 78.3,21.7 72.2,40.8 90,50 72.2,59.2 78.3,78.3 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class=\"pf-crumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/\">IDCDC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/\">Language<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\">Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish)<\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<header class=\"pf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__art\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"pf-rule-art pf-rule-art--knot\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><defs><pattern id=\"pf-knot\" width=\"48\" height=\"20\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\"><path d=\"M24,3L28.9,14.9M28.9,5.1L24,17M31,10L19.1,14.9M28.9,14.9L17,10M24,17L19.1,5.1M19.1,14.9L24,3M17,10L28.9,5.1M19.1,5.1L31,10M0,10H14.5M33.5,10H48\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" fill=\"url(#pf-knot)\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>Language<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish)<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">Western Iran: Kurdistan, Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, Ilam, and North Khorasan<\/p>\n    <p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/join\/\">Help this language<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/writing\/\">Writing<\/a><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__aside\"><p class=\"pf-specimen\" lang=\"ku\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc \/ Kurd\u00ee<\/p><\/div>\n  \n<\/header>\n<nav class=\"pf-lx-tabs\" aria-label=\"Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish): pages\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/\" aria-current=\"page\">Overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/writing\/\">Writing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/linguistics\/\">Linguistics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/learn\/\">Learn<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/resources\/\">Resources and preservation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\n<nav class=\"pf-toc\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><p class=\"pf-toc__h\">On this page<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#s1\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">01<\/span><span>The language<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s2\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">02<\/span><span>Names and perspectives<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s3\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">03<\/span><span>Where it is spoken, and by how many<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s4\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">04<\/span><span>Status<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s5\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">05<\/span><span>Legal status<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s6\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">06<\/span><span>Varieties and dialects<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s7\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">07<\/span><span>This language&#8217;s pages<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s8\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">08<\/span><span>On the Kurdish network<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s9\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">09<\/span><span>How to help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s10\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">10<\/span><span>Sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s11\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">11<\/span><span>Research and sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">01<\/span>The language<\/h2>\n  \n  <dl class=\"pf-facts\"><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Codes<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">ISO 639-3: ckb, kmr, sdh \u00b7 macrolanguage kur \u00b7 Glottocode: cent1972, nort2641, sout2640 \u00b7 page code: ku<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Family<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">Indo-European \u203a Classical Indo-European \u203a Indo-Iranian \u203a Iranian-Nuristani \u203a Iranian \u203a Central Iranian PBS \u203a Central Iranian PB \u203a Northwestern Iranian \u203a Laki-Kurdish \u203a Kurdish<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Script<\/dt><dd>Arab\/Latn, right to left<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Interface<\/dt><dd><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--ok\">Main site, native review pending<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Platform phase<\/dt><dd>Phase 2<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Technology support<\/dt><dd>Partly supported<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Shown with<\/dt><dd>Estedad, IBM Plex Sans<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Notes<\/dt><dd>Served jointly with the Kurdish platform (saeedvaladbaygi\/kurds)<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iso639-3.sil.org\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">02<\/span>Names and perspectives<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Where names, classification or identity are debated, each view is shown with its sources. The platform takes no side.<\/p>\n  <ul class=\"pf-lx-endo\" role=\"list\"><li><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-rom\" translate=\"no\">kurd\u00ee<\/span><\/li><li><span lang=\"kmr\" dir=\"ltr\">Kurd\u00ee<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul class=\"pf-lx-views\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-lx-view\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-view__t\">One language or several<\/h3><p>ISO 639-3 treats Kurdish as a macrolanguage (kur) with Northern (kmr), Central (ckb) and Southern Kurdish (sdh). Glottolog lists them as three languages in one Kurdish group. Many speakers and Kurdish institutions see one Kurdish language with several dialects.<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iso639-3.sil.org\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Haig and \u00d6pengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). (2014)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-view\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-view__t\">In Iran<\/h3><p>Sorani is spoken in Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan provinces, Southern Kurdish in Kermanshah and Ilam, and Kurmanji in West Azerbaijan and North Khorasan.<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Haig and \u00d6pengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). (2014)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">03<\/span>Where it is spoken, and by how many<\/h2>\n  \n  <p>Western Iran: Kurdistan, Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, Ilam, and North Khorasan<\/p><div class=\"pf-lx-unknown\"><p class=\"pf-lx-unknown__v\">Unknown<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-unknown__t\">Speakers: No speaker figure has been verified for this platform yet. It stays unknown until a census or survey figure is checked with its measure, year and source.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">04<\/span>Status<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">The UNESCO World Atlas of Languages is the United Nations source; its status is shown first and stays to verify until the Atlas can be read. Beside it, the Agglomerated Endangerment Status in Glottolog brings together the Catalogue of Endangered Languages, the UNESCO Atlas and Ethnologue. Ethnologue appears only as a secondary source.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-table-wrap\"><table class=\"pf-table\">\n  \n  <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Entry<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Status<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Basis<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n  <tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">UNESCO World Atlas of Languages<\/th><td><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">To verify<\/span><\/td><td><\/td><td><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wal.unesco.org\" rel=\"noopener\">UNESCO. World Atlas of Languages.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span translate=\"no\">Central Kurdish<\/span><\/th><td><span class=\"pf-lx-aes pf-lx-aes--ok\">Not endangered<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">1 (National)<\/span><\/td><td><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Eberhard, Simons and Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 28th edition. SIL International. (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Secondary source<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-via\">via Glottolog<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span translate=\"no\">Northern Kurdish<\/span><\/th><td><span class=\"pf-lx-aes pf-lx-aes--pend\">Threatened<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">6b (Threatened)<\/span><\/td><td><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Eberhard, Simons and Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 28th edition. SIL International. (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Secondary source<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-via\">via Glottolog<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span translate=\"no\">Southern Kurdish<\/span><\/th><td><span class=\"pf-lx-aes pf-lx-aes--pend\">Threatened<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">6b (Threatened)<\/span><\/td><td><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Eberhard, Simons and Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 28th edition. SIL International. (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Secondary source<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-via\">via Glottolog<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">05<\/span>Legal status<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">What constitutions say about the language. Quoted from the English translations of the Constitute Project.<\/p>\n  <ul class=\"pf-lx-views\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-lx-view\"><p>The Constitution of Iran (Article 15) allows regional languages in the press, media and literature teaching, alongside Persian.<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitute Project. Constitutions of the world, English translations.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-view\"><p>The Constitution of Iraq (2005) makes Arabic and Kurdish the two official languages of Iraq.<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitute Project. Constitutions of the world, English translations.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">06<\/span>Varieties and dialects<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Dialect groups as Glottolog records them. Names stay as published.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-lx-dia\"><div class=\"pf-lx-dia__g\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-dia__t\" translate=\"no\">Central Kurdish<\/h3><p class=\"pf-lx-dia__m\">13 dialects recorded<\/p><ul class=\"pf-lx-dia__list\" role=\"list\" translate=\"no\"><li>Mukri<\/li><li>Sine&#8217;i<\/li><li>Sorani<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-lx-dia__g\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-dia__t\" translate=\"no\">Northern Kurdish<\/h3><p class=\"pf-lx-dia__m\">28 dialects recorded<\/p><ul class=\"pf-lx-dia__list\" role=\"list\" translate=\"no\"><li>Northern Kurmanji<\/li><li>Southeastern Kurmanji<\/li><li>Southern Kurmanji<\/li><li>Western Kurmanji<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-lx-dia__g\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-dia__t\" translate=\"no\">Southern Kurdish<\/h3><p class=\"pf-lx-dia__m\">13 dialects recorded<\/p><ul class=\"pf-lx-dia__list\" role=\"list\" translate=\"no\"><li>Ilami<\/li><li>Lakic Southern Kurdish<\/li><li>Peripheral Kermanshahic<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">07<\/span>This language&#8217;s pages<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--2\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/writing\/\">Writing<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Scripts, the alphabet chart, romanisation, numerals, keyboards and fonts.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/linguistics\/\">Linguistics<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Sounds in IPA, pronunciation, grammar and core words compared with neighbouring languages.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/learn\/\">Learn<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">A pathway from first steps to fluency, courses, exams and heritage-language programmes.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/resources\/\">Resources and preservation<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Dictionaries, corpora, libraries and media; endangerment and documentation; how to contribute.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s8\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">08<\/span>On the Kurdish network<\/h2>\n  \n  <p>Kurmanji, Sorani, Southern Kurdish, Zazaki and Gorani each have their own pages on the Kurdish platform.<\/p><p class=\"pf-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/\" translate=\"no\">kurds.global\/language<\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s9\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">09<\/span>How to help<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-list\"><li>Native reviewers: read the Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish) pages and mark them reviewed.<\/li><li>Teachers and authors: help write the first Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish) course.<\/li><li>Sources: point the research team to openly licensed dictionaries, corpora and recordings. Each enters the sources register for review.<\/li><li>Fonts and keyboards: report any letter that does not display or type correctly.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s10\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">10<\/span>Sources<\/h2>\n  \n  <ol class=\"pf-lx-bib\" role=\"list\"><li id=\"src-glottolog\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span> <span translate=\"no\">CC BY 4.0<\/span> Classification, dialect groups and the Agglomerated Endangerment Status (AES), read 2026-10-23.<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-iso639-3\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iso639-3.sil.org\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span> Codes cross-checked through Glottolog records; the code tables themselves were not read.<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-haig-opengin2014\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\">Haig and \u00d6pengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2014<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span><\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-unesco-wal\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wal.unesco.org\" rel=\"noopener\">UNESCO. World Atlas of Languages.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span> Not reachable when checked on 2026-10-23. Its status for each language is to verify.<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-ethnologue\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\">Eberhard, Simons and Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 28th edition. SIL International. <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Secondary source<\/span> Cited only as Glottolog reports it (its AES source). Ethnologue itself was not read.<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-constitute\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitute Project. Constitutions of the world, English translations.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span> Articles on official languages, read 2026-10-23.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\n<\/section><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>Cite this page<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &#38; Development Council. (2026). <i>Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish)<\/i>. iranians.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/\">https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &#38; Development Council. 2026. \u201cKurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish).\u201d iranians.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/\">https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{idcdc2026_language_languages_ku,\n\tauthor = {{Iranian Diaspora Cooperation \\&amp; Development Council}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Kurdish ({Sorani}, {Kurmanji}, {Southern} {Kurdish})},\n\turl = {https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/iranians-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/idcdc2026_language_languages_ku.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/idcdc2026_language_languages_ku.bib\" download=\"idcdc2026_language_languages_ku.bib\">Download <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &amp; Development Council\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - idcdc2026_language_l\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish)\nUR  - https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/iranians-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/idcdc2026_language_languages_ku.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/idcdc2026_language_languages_ku.ris\" download=\"idcdc2026_language_languages_ku.ris\">Download <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">Licence <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s11\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">11<\/span>Research and sources<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Recent and relevant work on this page&#8217;s subject, from approved open scholarly sources. Metadata and links only. Titles stay as published. Not yet reviewed.<\/p>\n  <ol class=\"pf-srchub\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05245-3\" rel=\"noopener\">Next word prediction based on the N-gram model for Kurdish Sorani and Kurmanji<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Hozan K. Hamarashid, Soran A. Saeed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid \u00b7 2020 \u00b7 Neural Computing and Applications<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arxiv.2110.14398\" rel=\"noopener\">Can Linguistic Distance help Language Classification? Assessing Hawrami-Zaza and Kurmanji-Sorani<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Hossein Hassani \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 arXiv<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Preprint<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35111\/576n-ye16\" rel=\"noopener\">KASET &#8211; Kurmanji and Sorani Kurdish Speech and Transcripts<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Dana Delgado, Kevin Walker, Stephanie Strassel et al. \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Linguistic Data Consortium<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Dataset<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dib.2026.113121\" rel=\"noopener\">Mabast dataset for Sorani Kurdish dialect semantic text classification.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Hasan IE, Al-Atroshi SJA \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Data Brief<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315627427-9\" rel=\"noopener\">Calibrating Kurmanji and Sorani<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Michael L. Chyet \u00b7 2018 \u00b7 Routledge Handbook on the Kurds<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Chapter<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.71638\/farsij.2026.1215912\" rel=\"noopener\">A descriptive and comparative study of adverb construction in Kurdish (Sorani and Kurmanji) and English.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Ahmad Ahmadyan \u00b7 2025 \u00b7 Biannual Journal of the Kurdish Language &amp; Literature Studies<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dib.2025.111999\" rel=\"noopener\">Adyan: automated annotating named entity recognition dataset for sorani kurdish language.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Wahid CH, Nabi RM \u00b7 2025 \u00b7 Data Brief<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dib.2026.113129\" rel=\"noopener\">Dasinya: A dataset and preprocessing pipeline for the Badini Kurdish dialect.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Saeed VA, Jacksi K \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Data Brief<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.21203826\" rel=\"noopener\">Making Kurdish Visible: Digital Language Practices, Identity, and Belonging among Kurdish Youth in T\u00fcrkiye<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">mehmet sirin filiz, ziyattin YILDIRIM\u00c7AKAR, Naif Erg\u00fcn \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Zenodo<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Dataset<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21271\/zjhs.27.1.20\" rel=\"noopener\">Polysemy of Particle in Kurdish Language<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Bayan Mala Hamadameen, Talib Husen Ali \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.386.6450\" rel=\"noopener\">Sorani Kurdish versus Kurmanji Kurdish: An Empirical Comparison<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Kyumars Sheykh Esmaili, Shahin Salavati \u00b7 2013<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.23020544\" rel=\"noopener\">Supplementary Data for &quot;Language Attitudes and Perceptual Recognition in a Context of Non-State Standardization: Evidence from Kurmanji Kurdish&quot;<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">ziyattin YILDIRIM\u00c7AKAR \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Zenodo<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Dataset<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-srchub__foot\">Sources, licences and fetch dates: <span translate=\"no\">arXiv (<a href=\"https:\/\/info.arxiv.org\/help\/api\/tou.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Crossref (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.crossref.org\/documentation\/retrieve-metadata\/rest-api\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DataCite (<a href=\"https:\/\/support.datacite.org\/docs\/datacite-metadata-schema\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (<a href=\"https:\/\/doaj.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (<a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/Copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata reusable; full text under each article&#8217;s licence<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (<a href=\"https:\/\/help.openalex.org\/access\/pricing\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Zenodo (<a href=\"https:\/\/about.zenodo.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0; each record under its own licence<\/a>), 2026-10-23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<aside class=\"pf-closing\" aria-label=\"Build it with us\"><div class=\"pf-closing__text\"><h2 class=\"pf-closing__title\">Build it with us<\/h2><p>Join as a member, or tell us what your city needs. You choose what you share.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/join\/\" data-pf-auth=\"guest\">Join<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/members\/me\/\" data-pf-auth=\"member\">Your profile<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/p><\/aside><\/div><footer class=\"pf-netfoot pf-nf\" aria-label=\"Network\">\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__id\"><a class=\"pf-netfoot__brand\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--girih\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><polygon points=\"94.3,68.4 68.4,94.3 31.6,94.3 5.7,68.4 5.7,31.6 31.6,5.7 68.4,5.7 94.3,31.6\" class=\"m1f\"\/><polygon points=\"50,10 59.2,27.8 78.3,21.7 72.2,40.8 90,50 72.2,59.2 78.3,78.3 59.2,72.2 50,90 40.8,72.2 21.7,78.3 27.8,59.2 10,50 27.8,40.8 21.7,21.7 40.8,27.8\" class=\"m0f\"\/><polygon points=\"50,10 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class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">Languages<\/h2><ul class=\"pf-nf__langs\" data-pf-langs=\"\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/\" hreflang=\"en\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-current=\"true\">English<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/fa\/\" hreflang=\"fa\" lang=\"fa\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/\" hreflang=\"ar\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/tr\/\" hreflang=\"tr\" lang=\"tr\" dir=\"ltr\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/azb\/\" hreflang=\"azb\" lang=\"azb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u06c6\u0631\u06a9\u062c\u0647<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/kmr\/\" hreflang=\"kmr\" lang=\"kmr\" dir=\"ltr\">Kurmanc\u00ee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ckb\/\" hreflang=\"ckb\" lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06cc 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and development network. It is not a university and acts for no government. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/about-this-network\/\">About this network: what we are and are not<\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IDCDCiranians.global IDCDCLanguage Network Areas 01Academy Faculties, disciplines, courses and communities of practice, from Persian studies to public health. 02Heritage History from Elam to today, the calendar, faiths, arts, literature and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/ku\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Kurdish (Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish)&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":36,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","_nx_seo_description":"","_nx_seo_title":"","_nx_seo_image":"","_nx_seo_jsonld":"","_nx_i18n_locale":"","_nx_i18n_group":"","footnotes":"","_nx_seo_image_alt":"","_nx_seo_canonical":"","_nx_seo_robots":"","_nx_seo_schema_type":""},"class_list":["post-55","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/55\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/36"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}