{"id":79,"date":"2026-11-01T13:46:59","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T13:46:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T13:46:59","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T13:46:59","slug":"southern-kurdish-arabic","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/","title":{"rendered":"Southern Kurdish in the Arabic-based alphabet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/language\/\" data-net=\"idcdc\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"More\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--girih\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><polygon points=\"94.3,68.4 68.4,94.3 31.6,94.3 5.7,68.4 5.7,31.6 31.6,5.7 68.4,5.7 94.3,31.6\" class=\"m1f\"\/><polygon points=\"50,10 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class=\"pf-crumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/\">IDCDC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/\">Language<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/\">Scripts and fonts<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\">Southern Kurdish in the Arabic-based alphabet<\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<header class=\"pf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__art\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"pf-rule-art pf-rule-art--knot\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><defs><pattern id=\"pf-knot\" width=\"48\" height=\"20\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\"><path d=\"M24,3L28.9,14.9M28.9,5.1L24,17M31,10L19.1,14.9M28.9,14.9L17,10M24,17L19.1,5.1M19.1,14.9L24,3M17,10L28.9,5.1M19.1,5.1L31,10M0,10H14.5M33.5,10H48\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" fill=\"url(#pf-knot)\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>Script<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">Southern Kurdish in the Arabic-based alphabet<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">The Kurdish Arabic-based alphabet with \u06ca for a front rounded vowel and \u06be for h, as CLDR records them for Southern Kurdish.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/tools\/\">Tools<\/a><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__aside\"><dl class=\"pf-signals\"><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>Letters<\/dt><dd>34<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal pf-signal--text\"><dt>ISO 15924<\/dt><dd>Arab<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal pf-signal--text\"><dt>Direction<\/dt><dd>Right to left<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>Languages here<\/dt><dd>1<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div>\n  \n<\/header>\n<span class=\"pf-lx-anchor\" id=\"chart\"><\/span><nav class=\"pf-toc\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><p class=\"pf-toc__h\">On this page<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#s1\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">01<\/span><span>Alphabet chart<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s2\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">02<\/span><span>Transliteration<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s3\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">03<\/span><span>Numerals<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s4\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">04<\/span><span>Punctuation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s5\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">05<\/span><span>Standards<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s6\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">06<\/span><span>Languages written in it<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s7\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">07<\/span><span>Research and sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">01<\/span>Alphabet chart<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Letters: Unicode CLDR exemplar characters for sdh.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-mod pf-lx-chart\" id=\"pf-lx-chart-southern-kurdish-arabic-29\" data-pf-mod=\"scriptchart\" data-lx=\"{&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;sdh&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;rtl&quot;,&quot;join&quot;:true,&quot;letters&quot;:[[&quot;\u0626&quot;,&quot;U+0626&quot;,&quot;arabic letter yeh with hamza above&quot;,&quot;not written (vowel seat)&quot;,&quot;\u0294&quot;],[&quot;\u0627&quot;,&quot;U+0627&quot;,&quot;arabic letter alef&quot;,&quot;a&quot;,&quot;a\u02d0&quot;],[&quot;\u0628&quot;,&quot;U+0628&quot;,&quot;arabic letter beh&quot;,&quot;b&quot;,&quot;b&quot;],[&quot;\u067e&quot;,&quot;U+067E&quot;,&quot;arabic letter peh&quot;,&quot;p&quot;,&quot;p&quot;],[&quot;\u062a&quot;,&quot;U+062A&quot;,&quot;arabic letter teh&quot;,&quot;t&quot;,&quot;t&quot;],[&quot;\u062c&quot;,&quot;U+062C&quot;,&quot;arabic letter jeem&quot;,&quot;c&quot;,&quot;d\u0361\u0292&quot;],[&quot;\u0686&quot;,&quot;U+0686&quot;,&quot;arabic letter tcheh&quot;,&quot;\u00e7&quot;,&quot;t\u0361\u0283&quot;],[&quot;\u062d&quot;,&quot;U+062D&quot;,&quot;arabic letter hah&quot;,&quot;\u1e27&quot;,&quot;\u0127&quot;],[&quot;\u062e&quot;,&quot;U+062E&quot;,&quot;arabic letter khah&quot;,&quot;x&quot;,&quot;x&quot;],[&quot;\u062f&quot;,&quot;U+062F&quot;,&quot;arabic letter dal&quot;,&quot;d&quot;,&quot;d&quot;],[&quot;\u0631&quot;,&quot;U+0631&quot;,&quot;arabic letter reh&quot;,&quot;r&quot;,&quot;\u027e&quot;],[&quot;\u0632&quot;,&quot;U+0632&quot;,&quot;arabic letter zain&quot;,&quot;z&quot;,&quot;z&quot;],[&quot;\u0695&quot;,&quot;U+0695&quot;,&quot;arabic letter reh with small v below&quot;,&quot;r\u0304&quot;,&quot;r&quot;],[&quot;\u0698&quot;,&quot;U+0698&quot;,&quot;arabic letter jeh&quot;,&quot;j&quot;,&quot;\u0292&quot;],[&quot;\u0633&quot;,&quot;U+0633&quot;,&quot;arabic letter seen&quot;,&quot;s&quot;,&quot;s&quot;],[&quot;\u0634&quot;,&quot;U+0634&quot;,&quot;arabic letter sheen&quot;,&quot;\u015f&quot;,&quot;\u0283&quot;],[&quot;\u0639&quot;,&quot;U+0639&quot;,&quot;arabic letter ain&quot;,&quot;\u2018&quot;,&quot;\u0295&quot;],[&quot;\u063a&quot;,&quot;U+063A&quot;,&quot;arabic letter ghain&quot;,&quot;\u1e8d&quot;,&quot;\u0263&quot;],[&quot;\u0641&quot;,&quot;U+0641&quot;,&quot;arabic letter feh&quot;,&quot;f&quot;,&quot;f&quot;],[&quot;\u06a4&quot;,&quot;U+06A4&quot;,&quot;arabic letter veh&quot;,&quot;v&quot;,&quot;v&quot;],[&quot;\u0642&quot;,&quot;U+0642&quot;,&quot;arabic letter qaf&quot;,&quot;q&quot;,&quot;q&quot;],[&quot;\u06a9&quot;,&quot;U+06A9&quot;,&quot;arabic letter keheh&quot;,&quot;k&quot;,&quot;k&quot;],[&quot;\u06af&quot;,&quot;U+06AF&quot;,&quot;arabic letter gaf&quot;,&quot;g&quot;,&quot;\u0261&quot;],[&quot;\u0644&quot;,&quot;U+0644&quot;,&quot;arabic letter lam&quot;,&quot;l&quot;,&quot;l&quot;],[&quot;\u06b5&quot;,&quot;U+06B5&quot;,&quot;arabic letter lam with small v&quot;,&quot;\u0142&quot;,&quot;\u026b&quot;],[&quot;\u0645&quot;,&quot;U+0645&quot;,&quot;arabic letter meem&quot;,&quot;m&quot;,&quot;m&quot;],[&quot;\u0646&quot;,&quot;U+0646&quot;,&quot;arabic letter noon&quot;,&quot;n&quot;,&quot;n&quot;],[&quot;\u06be&quot;,&quot;U+06BE&quot;,&quot;arabic letter heh doachashmee&quot;,&quot;h&quot;,&quot;h&quot;],[&quot;\u06d5&quot;,&quot;U+06D5&quot;,&quot;arabic letter ae&quot;,&quot;e&quot;,&quot;\u025b&quot;],[&quot;\u0648&quot;,&quot;U+0648&quot;,&quot;arabic letter waw&quot;,&quot;w \/ u&quot;,&quot;w, \u028a&quot;],[&quot;\u06c6&quot;,&quot;U+06C6&quot;,&quot;arabic letter oe&quot;,&quot;o&quot;,&quot;o\u02d0&quot;],[&quot;\u06ca&quot;,&quot;U+06CA&quot;,&quot;arabic letter waw with two dots above&quot;,&quot;&quot;,&quot;&quot;],[&quot;\u06cc&quot;,&quot;U+06CC&quot;,&quot;arabic letter farsi yeh&quot;,&quot;y \/ \u00ee&quot;,&quot;j, i\u02d0&quot;],[&quot;\u06ce&quot;,&quot;U+06CE&quot;,&quot;arabic letter yeh with small v&quot;,&quot;\u00ea&quot;,&quot;e\u02d0&quot;]]}\">\n<div class=\"pf-lx-chart__bar\" hidden><label class=\"pf-lx-field\"><span>Find a letter<\/span><input type=\"search\" class=\"pf-lx-chart__q\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><\/label><p class=\"pf-lx-chart__count\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><\/div>\n<ol class=\"pf-lx-chart__grid\" role=\"list\" dir=\"rtl\"><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"0\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0626<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">not written (vowel seat)<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"1\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">a<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"2\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0628<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">b<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"3\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u067e<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">p<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"4\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062a<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">t<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"5\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062c<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">c<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"6\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0686<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">\u00e7<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"7\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062d<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">\u1e27<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"8\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062e<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">x<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"9\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">d<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"10\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0631<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">r<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"11\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0632<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">z<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"12\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0695<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">r\u0304<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"13\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0698<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">j<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"14\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0633<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">s<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"15\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0634<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">\u015f<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"16\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0639<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">\u2018<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"17\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u063a<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">\u1e8d<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"18\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0641<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">f<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"19\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a4<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">v<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"20\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0642<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">q<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"21\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">k<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"22\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06af<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">g<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"23\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0644<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">l<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"24\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06b5<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">\u0142<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"25\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0645<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">m<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"26\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0646<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">n<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"27\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06be<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">h<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"28\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06d5<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">e<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"29\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0648<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">w \/ u<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"30\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06c6<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">o<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"31\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06ca<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\"><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"32\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">y \/ \u00ee<\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-tile\" data-lx-i=\"33\"><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__g\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06ce<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-tile__r\" translate=\"no\">\u00ea<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n<div class=\"pf-lx-chart__detail\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div>\n<span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"name\" hidden>Unicode name<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"cp\" hidden>Code point<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"rom\" hidden>Romanisation<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"ipa\" hidden>Sound (IPA)<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"forms\" hidden>Forms<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"iso\" hidden>Alone<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"ini\" hidden>Initial<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"med\" hidden>Medial<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"fin\" hidden>Final<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"upper\" hidden>Capital<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"copy\" hidden>Copy<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"copied\" hidden>Copied<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"n\" hidden>{n} letters<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"pick\" hidden>Select a letter to see its forms, code point and sound.<\/span>\n<details class=\"pf-lx-chart__table\"><summary>Show as a table<\/summary><div class=\"pf-table-wrap\"><table class=\"pf-table\">\n  \n  <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Letter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Code point<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unicode name<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Romanisation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sound (IPA)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n  <tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0626<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0626<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter yeh with hamza above<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">not written (vowel seat)<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u0294<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0627<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0627<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter alef<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">a<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">a\u02d0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0628<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0628<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter beh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">b<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">b<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u067e<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+067E<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter peh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">p<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">p<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062a<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+062A<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter teh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">t<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">t<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062c<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+062C<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter jeem<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">c<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">d\u0361\u0292<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0686<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0686<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter tcheh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u00e7<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">t\u0361\u0283<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062d<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+062D<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter hah<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u1e27<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u0127<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062e<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+062E<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter khah<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">x<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">x<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062f<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+062F<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter dal<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">d<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">d<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0631<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0631<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter reh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">r<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u027e<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0632<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0632<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter zain<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">z<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">z<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0695<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0695<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter reh with small v below<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">r\u0304<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">r<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0698<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0698<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter jeh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">j<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u0292<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0633<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0633<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter seen<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">s<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">s<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0634<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0634<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter sheen<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u015f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u0283<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0639<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0639<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter ain<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u2018<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u0295<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u063a<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+063A<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter ghain<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u1e8d<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u0263<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0641<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0641<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter feh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">f<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06a4<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06A4<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter veh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">v<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">v<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0642<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0642<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter qaf<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">q<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">q<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06a9<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06A9<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter keheh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">k<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">k<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06af<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06AF<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter gaf<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">g<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u0261<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0644<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0644<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter lam<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">l<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">l<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06b5<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06B5<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter lam with small v<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0142<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u026b<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0645<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0645<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter meem<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">m<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">m<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0646<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0646<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter noon<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">n<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">n<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06be<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06BE<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter heh doachashmee<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">h<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">h<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06d5<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06D5<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter ae<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">\u025b<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0648<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+0648<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter waw<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">w \/ u<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">w, \u028a<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06c6<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06C6<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter oe<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">o<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">o\u02d0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06ca<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06CA<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter waw with two dots above<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\"><\/span><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06cc<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06CC<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter farsi yeh<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">y \/ \u00ee<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">j, i\u02d0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06ce<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">U+06CE<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\" class=\"pf-lx-uname\">arabic letter yeh with small v<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u00ea<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"pf-lx-ipa\" translate=\"no\">e\u02d0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div><\/details>\n<\/div><ul class=\"pf-list\"><li>The Kurdish Arabic-based alphabet with \u06ca for a front rounded vowel and \u06be for h, as CLDR records them for Southern Kurdish.<\/li><li>\u06ca has no value in the ALA-LC Kurdish table; its romanisation is to verify.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cldr.unicode.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), version 49 data.<\/a> (2026)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicode.org\/versions\/Unicode18.0.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Unicode Standard, version 18.0.0: Unicode Character Database.<\/a> (2026)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<span class=\"pf-lx-anchor\" id=\"translit\"><\/span><section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">02<\/span>Transliteration<\/h2>\n  \n  <div class=\"pf-mod pf-lx-tr\" id=\"pf-lx-tr-ku-alalc-arab-latn\" data-pf-mod=\"translit\" data-lx=\"{&quot;ku-alalc-arab-latn&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Kurdish Arabic-based alphabet to Latin, ALA-LC (2012)&quot;,&quot;from&quot;:&quot;ckb&quot;,&quot;to&quot;:&quot;Latn&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:&quot;alalc-kurdish&quot;,&quot;dir&quot;:&quot;rtl&quot;,&quot;map&quot;:{&quot;\u0627&quot;:&quot;a&quot;,&quot;\u0628&quot;:&quot;b&quot;,&quot;\u067e&quot;:&quot;p&quot;,&quot;\u062a&quot;:&quot;t&quot;,&quot;\u062c&quot;:&quot;c&quot;,&quot;\u0686&quot;:&quot;\u00e7&quot;,&quot;\u062d&quot;:&quot;\u1e27&quot;,&quot;\u062e&quot;:&quot;x&quot;,&quot;\u062f&quot;:&quot;d&quot;,&quot;\u0631&quot;:&quot;r&quot;,&quot;\u0695&quot;:&quot;r\u0304&quot;,&quot;\u0632&quot;:&quot;z&quot;,&quot;\u0698&quot;:&quot;j&quot;,&quot;\u0633&quot;:&quot;s&quot;,&quot;\u0634&quot;:&quot;\u015f&quot;,&quot;\u0639&quot;:&quot;\u2018&quot;,&quot;\u063a&quot;:&quot;\u1e8d&quot;,&quot;\u0641&quot;:&quot;f&quot;,&quot;\u06a4&quot;:&quot;v&quot;,&quot;\u0642&quot;:&quot;q&quot;,&quot;\u06a9&quot;:&quot;k&quot;,&quot;\u0643&quot;:&quot;k&quot;,&quot;\u06af&quot;:&quot;g&quot;,&quot;\u0644&quot;:&quot;l&quot;,&quot;\u06b5&quot;:&quot;\u0142&quot;,&quot;\u0645&quot;:&quot;m&quot;,&quot;\u0646&quot;:&quot;n&quot;,&quot;\u0647&quot;:&quot;h&quot;,&quot;\u06be&quot;:&quot;h&quot;,&quot;\u06d5&quot;:&quot;e&quot;,&quot;\u06c6&quot;:&quot;o&quot;,&quot;\u06ce&quot;:&quot;\u00ea&quot;,&quot;\u0626&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;digraphs&quot;:{&quot;\u0648\u0648&quot;:&quot;\u00fb&quot;},&quot;vowels&quot;:{&quot;vav&quot;:[&quot;w&quot;,&quot;u&quot;],&quot;yeh&quot;:[&quot;y&quot;,&quot;\u00ee&quot;]},&quot;chars&quot;:&quot;\u0648 \u06cc \u064a&quot;,&quot;note&quot;:&quot;\u0648 and \u06cc are read as consonants beside a vowel and as vowels between consonants. Short i is not written, so it does not appear.&quot;,&quot;sample&quot;:&quot;\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc&quot;}}\">\n<div class=\"pf-lx-tr__form\" hidden>\n\n<label class=\"pf-lx-field pf-lx-field--wide\"><span>Text<\/span><textarea class=\"pf-lx-tr__in\" rows=\"2\" lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" spellcheck=\"false\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc<\/textarea><\/label>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"pf-lx-tr__std-name\">Kurdish Arabic-based alphabet to Latin, ALA-LC (2012)<\/p>\n<div class=\"pf-lx-tr__pair\"><p class=\"pf-lx-tr__src\" lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-tr__out\" aria-live=\"polite\" translate=\"no\" dir=\"ltr\">zman\u00ee kurd\u00ee<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"pf-lx-note pf-lx-tr__note\">\u0648 and \u06cc are read as consonants beside a vowel and as vowels between consonants. Short i is not written, so it does not appear.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pf-lx-note\">Nothing you type leaves your browser. A teaching aid: check any text against the standard before you use it.<\/p>\n<details class=\"pf-lx-chart__table\"><summary>Kurdish Arabic-based alphabet to Latin, ALA-LC (2012)<\/summary><div class=\"pf-table-wrap\"><table class=\"pf-table\">\n  \n  <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Letter<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Becomes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n  <tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0627<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">a<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0628<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">b<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u067e<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">p<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062a<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">t<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062c<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">c<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0686<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">\u00e7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062d<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">\u1e27<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062e<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">x<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u062f<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">d<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0631<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">r<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0695<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">r\u0304<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0632<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">z<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0698<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">j<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0633<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">s<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0634<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">\u015f<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0639<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">\u2018<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u063a<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">\u1e8d<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0641<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">f<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06a4<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">v<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0642<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">q<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06a9<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">k<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0643<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">k<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06af<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">g<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0644<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">l<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06b5<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0142<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0645<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">m<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0646<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">n<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0647<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">h<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06be<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">h<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06d5<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">e<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06c6<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">o<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u06ce<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">\u00ea<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\" class=\"pf-lx-glyph\">\u0626<\/span><\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">not written<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/catdir\/cpso\/romanization\/kurdish.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Kurdish, 2012 version.<\/a> (2012)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><\/p><\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<span class=\"pf-lx-anchor\" id=\"numerals\"><\/span><section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">03<\/span>Numerals<\/h2>\n  \n  <div class=\"pf-mod pf-lx-num\" id=\"pf-lx-num-latn-arab\" data-pf-mod=\"numerals\" data-lx=\"{&quot;systems&quot;:[[&quot;latn&quot;,&quot;Western digits&quot;,&quot;0123456789&quot;,0],[&quot;arab&quot;,&quot;Arabic-Indic digits&quot;,&quot;\u0660\u0661\u0662\u0663\u0664\u0665\u0666\u0667\u0668\u0669&quot;,0]]}\">\n<p class=\"pf-lx-num__in\" hidden><label class=\"pf-lx-field\"><span>Number<\/span><input type=\"text\" inputmode=\"numeric\" value=\"2026\" autocomplete=\"off\" dir=\"ltr\"><\/label><\/p>\n<dl class=\"pf-lx-num__out\"><div class=\"pf-lx-num__row\"><dt>Western digits <span class=\"pf-lx-code\" translate=\"no\">latn<\/span><\/dt><dd data-lx-sys=\"latn\" translate=\"no\" dir=\"ltr\">2026<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-lx-num__row\"><dt>Arabic-Indic digits <span class=\"pf-lx-code\" translate=\"no\">arab<\/span><\/dt><dd data-lx-sys=\"arab\" translate=\"no\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0662\u0660\u0662\u0666<\/dd><\/div><\/dl>\n<span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"range\" hidden>Letter numerals cover 1 to {max}.<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-t\" data-lx-t=\"bad\" hidden>Type a whole number in any of these digits.<\/span>\n<p class=\"pf-lx-note\">Digits from Unicode CLDR numbering systems.<\/p>\n<details class=\"pf-lx-chart__table\"><summary>Show as a table<\/summary><div class=\"pf-table-wrap\"><table class=\"pf-table\">\n  \n  <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Digits<\/th><th scope=\"col\">0<\/th><th scope=\"col\">1<\/th><th scope=\"col\">2<\/th><th scope=\"col\">3<\/th><th scope=\"col\">4<\/th><th scope=\"col\">5<\/th><th scope=\"col\">6<\/th><th scope=\"col\">7<\/th><th scope=\"col\">8<\/th><th scope=\"col\">9<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n  <tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Western digits<\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">0<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">1<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">2<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">3<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">4<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">5<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">6<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">7<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">8<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">9<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Arabic-Indic digits<\/th><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0660<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0661<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0662<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0663<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0664<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0665<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0666<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0667<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0668<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">\u0669<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div><\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">04<\/span>Punctuation<\/h2>\n  \n  <p class=\"pf-lx-punct\" lang=\"sdh\" dir=\"rtl\">\u060c \u061b \u061f \u00ab \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">05<\/span>Standards<\/h2>\n  \n  <dl class=\"pf-facts\"><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>ISO 15924<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">Arab<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Unicode blocks<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">Arabic (U+0600 to U+06FF), Arabic Supplement (U+0750 to U+077F), Arabic Presentation Forms-A and -B<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Unicode CLDR locale<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">sdh<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Digits<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">Arabic-Indic digits (arab)<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Joining<\/dt><dd>Letters join their neighbours and change shape by position.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicode.org\/iso15924\/\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 15924 codes for the representation of names of scripts. Unicode Consortium, registration authority.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicode.org\/versions\/Unicode18.0.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Unicode Standard, version 18.0.0: Unicode Character Database.<\/a> (2026)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cldr.unicode.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), version 49 data.<\/a> (2026)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">06<\/span>Languages written in it<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3 pf-cards--lx-lang\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><span class=\"pf-lx-card__native\" lang=\"lki\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u06a9\u06cc<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/languages\/lki\/\">Laki<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Lorestan, Ilam and Kermanshah<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>Cite this page<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &#38; Development Council. (2026). <i>Southern Kurdish in the Arabic-based alphabet<\/i>. iranians.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/\">https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &#38; Development Council. 2026. \u201cSouthern Kurdish in the Arabic-Based Alphabet.\u201d iranians.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/\">https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{idcdc2026_language_scripts_southern_kurdish_arabic,\n\tauthor = {{Iranian Diaspora Cooperation \\&amp; Development Council}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Southern {Kurdish} in the {Arabic}-based alphabet},\n\turl = {https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/iranians-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/idcdc2026_language_scripts_southern_kurdish_arabic.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/idcdc2026_language_scripts_southern_kurdish_arabic.bib\" download=\"idcdc2026_language_scripts_southern_kurdish_arabic.bib\">Download <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &amp; Development Council\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - idcdc2026_language_s\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Southern Kurdish in the Arabic-based alphabet\nUR  - https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/iranians-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/idcdc2026_language_scripts_southern_kurdish_arabic.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/idcdc2026_language_scripts_southern_kurdish_arabic.ris\" download=\"idcdc2026_language_scripts_southern_kurdish_arabic.ris\">Download <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">Licence <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">07<\/span>Research and sources<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Recent and relevant work on this page&#8217;s subject, from approved open scholarly sources. Metadata and links only. Titles stay as published. Not yet reviewed.<\/p>\n  <ol class=\"pf-srchub\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2022.wanlp-1.36\" rel=\"noopener\">Beyond Arabic: Software for Perso-Arabic Script Manipulation<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Alexander Gutkin, Cibu Johny, Raiomond Doctor et al. \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 Proceedings of the Seventh Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop (WANLP)<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-SA-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36824\/2022-graf-gutk\" rel=\"noopener\">Graphemic Normalization of the Perso-Arabic Script<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Raiomond Doctor, Alexander Gutkin, Cibu Johny et al. \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 Grapholinguistics and Its Applications<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-SA-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.22729907\" rel=\"noopener\">Does Script Matter? Evaluating Large Language Models for Urdu Sentiment Analysis across Nastaliq, Roman Urdu, and Code-Switched Text<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Yousaf Khawar Raja \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Zenodo<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Preprint<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55277\/researchhub.xnb06npi.1\" rel=\"noopener\">{pdf download} Modern Persian Script Hacking: The optimal way to learn the Persian \/ Farsi alphabet by Judith Meyer<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Brigette Carter \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 ResearchHub Technologies, Inc.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Report<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22055\/pyk.2021.17277\" rel=\"noopener\">The Role of Religious Concepts in the Nastaliq Inscriptions of Safavid Monuments<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Farhad Khosravi Bizhaem \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22070\/negareh.2019.957\" rel=\"noopener\">Identifying and Introducing of Nastaliq Inscriptions Calligraphers in Safavids Monuments of Iran<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Farhad Khosravi Bizhaem \u00b7 2019 \u00b7 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/2096-7004.di.2025.0035\" rel=\"noopener\">Design and Validation of the Novel Perso-Arabic Database in Shahmukhi Punjabi Script<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Humera Rafique, Dr. Tariq Javid \u00b7 2025 \u00b7 Data Intelligence<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oed\/8118257891\" rel=\"noopener\">nastaliq, n. &amp; adj.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">2023 \u00b7 Oxford English Dictionary<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Chapter<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15868719\" rel=\"noopener\">SMAjram: A Large-Scale Synthetic OCR Dataset for Punjabi Shahmukhi (Perso-Arabic) Script<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">HUMERA RAFIQUE, TARIQ JAVID \u00b7 2025 \u00b7 Ground Truth Files (AjramGTXL.Zip) Description (9 XL files inside) Sr. Ground Truth Files File Description 1 1_2_AjramGT_Primary File names and labels of Main a<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Dataset<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22070\/negareh.2019.4258.2148\" rel=\"noopener\">A Comparative Study of the Dot\u2019s Shape in Traditional Way of Nastaliq Script and Dot\u2019s Implementation in Computer-based Types<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">hoda kaspour, Abdolreza Charei \u00b7 2019 \u00b7 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3254880\" rel=\"noopener\">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. al-Riy\u0101\u1e0d, Maktabah al-&#8216;\u0101mah al-sa&#8217;\u016bd\u012byah. Copy of the Qur&#8217;\u0101n, in so-called Bih\u0101r\u012b script, with interlinear Persian, from India, about 1500 CE.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">M Willis \u00b7 2019 \u00b7 Zenodo<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Other<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429264047-4\" rel=\"noopener\">Toward semiotics of Nastaliq calligraphy<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Mahdiyeh Meidani \u00b7 2019 \u00b7 Persian Calligraphy<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Chapter<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-srchub__foot\">Sources, licences and fetch dates: <span translate=\"no\">arXiv (<a href=\"https:\/\/info.arxiv.org\/help\/api\/tou.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Crossref (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.crossref.org\/documentation\/retrieve-metadata\/rest-api\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DataCite (<a href=\"https:\/\/support.datacite.org\/docs\/datacite-metadata-schema\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (<a href=\"https:\/\/doaj.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Zenodo (<a href=\"https:\/\/about.zenodo.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0; each record under its own licence<\/a>), 2026-10-23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<aside class=\"pf-closing\" aria-label=\"Build it with us\"><div class=\"pf-closing__text\"><h2 class=\"pf-closing__title\">Build it with us<\/h2><p>Join as a member, or tell us what your city needs. 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It is not a university and acts for no government. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/about-this-network\/\">About this network: what we are and are not<\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IDCDCiranians.global IDCDCLanguage Network Areas 01Academy Faculties, disciplines, courses and communities of practice, from Persian studies to public health. 02Heritage History from Elam to today, the calendar, faiths, arts, literature and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/scripts\/southern-kurdish-arabic\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Southern Kurdish in the Arabic-based alphabet&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":40,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","_nx_seo_description":"","_nx_seo_title":"","_nx_seo_image":"","_nx_seo_jsonld":"","_nx_i18n_locale":"","_nx_i18n_group":"","footnotes":"","_nx_seo_image_alt":"","_nx_seo_canonical":"","_nx_seo_robots":"","_nx_seo_schema_type":""},"class_list":["post-79","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/79","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=79"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/79\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}