{"id":1171,"date":"2026-11-02T03:31:27","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T03:31:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/public-administration\/"},"modified":"2026-11-02T05:10:39","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T05:10:39","slug":"public-administration","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/public-administration\/","title":{"rendered":"Public administration and governance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\" data-site=\"\/learn\/\" data-net=\"idcdc\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\" data-pf-nu=\"arab\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--girih\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><polygon points=\"94.3,68.4 68.4,94.3 31.6,94.3 5.7,68.4 5.7,31.6 31.6,5.7 68.4,5.7 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class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"civic\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/civic\/ar\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u0660\u0666<\/span><span>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"development\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/development\/ar\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u0660\u0667<\/span><span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u0628.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"news\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/news\/ar\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u0660\u0668<\/span><span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064c\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-nv__aside\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">IDCDC<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/country-programmes\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/areas\/\">\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/calendar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/the-community\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"countries\" data-pf-lazy=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-countries\" data-tip=\"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629\"><span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.54 15H17a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4.54\" \/> <path d=\"M7 3.34V5a3 3 0 0 0 3 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h3.17\" \/> <path d=\"M11 21.95V18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2.05\" \/> 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<path d=\"M3 9h18\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-site\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--site\">\n<p class=\"pf-nv__h\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/p><div class=\"pf-nv__groups\"><div class=\"pf-nv__group\"><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/faculties\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/\" aria-current=\"page\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/communities\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/catalogue\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/pathways\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/directory\/\">\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/take-part\/\">\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"about\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-about\" data-tip=\"\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0646\"><span>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0646<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\" \/> <path d=\"M12 16v-4\" \/> <path d=\"M12 8h.01\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-about\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--about\">\n<p class=\"pf-nv__h\">\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0646<\/p><div class=\"pf-nv__groups\"><div class=\"pf-nv__group\"><p class=\"pf-nv__rh\">\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0646<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/federation\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f<\/a><span class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/the-community\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/about-this-network\/\">\u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629: \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/iranian-diaspora-cooperation-development-council-idcdc\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642<svg class=\"pf-icon 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aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\" data-tip=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\" data-tip-pos=\"end\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M4 22h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 1-2 2Zm0 0a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-9c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h2\" \/> <path d=\"M18 14h-8\" \/> <path d=\"M15 18h-5\" \/> <path d=\"M10 6h8v4h-8V6Z\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><ul class=\"pf-rail__g pf-rail__g--end\"><li><a class=\"pf-rail__i\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/calendar\/\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\" data-tip=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\" data-tip-pos=\"end\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2v4\" \/> <path d=\"M16 2v4\" \/> <rect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" 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href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/iranian-diaspora-cooperation-development-council-idcdc\/\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642\" data-tip=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642\" data-tip-pos=\"end\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M15 12h-5\" \/> <path d=\"M15 8h-5\" \/> <path d=\"M19 17V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H4\" \/> <path d=\"M8 21h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-1a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H11a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1a2 2 0 1 1-4 0V5a2 2 0 1 0-4 0v2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"pf-rail__i\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/protected-participation\/\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629\" data-tip=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629\" data-tip-pos=\"end\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\" \/> <path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\n<nav class=\"pf-tabbar\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M15 21v-8a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v8\" \/> <path d=\"M3 10a2 2 0 0 1 .709-1.528l7-5.999a2 2 0 0 1 2.582 0l7 5.999A2 2 0 0 1 21 10v9a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2z\" \/><\/svg><span>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/\" aria-current=\"page\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.42 10.922a1 1 0 0 0-.019-1.838L12.83 5.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 9.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.832l8.57 3.908a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0z\" \/> <path d=\"M22 10v6\" \/> <path d=\"M6 12.5V16a6 3 0 0 0 12 0v-3.5\" \/><\/svg><span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/country-programmes\/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.54 15H17a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4.54\" \/> <path d=\"M7 3.34V5a3 3 0 0 0 3 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h3.17\" \/> <path d=\"M11 21.95V18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2.05\" \/> <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\" \/><\/svg><span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/calendar\/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2v4\" \/> <path d=\"M16 2v4\" \/> <rect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"4\" rx=\"2\" \/> <path d=\"M3 10h18\" \/> <path d=\"M8 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M8 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 18h.01\" \/><\/svg><span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645<\/span><\/a><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-tabbar__menu\" data-pf-tabmenu=\"\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-menu\" hidden><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"6\" y2=\"6\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"18\" \/><\/svg><span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/button><\/nav><div class=\"pf-canvas\"><aside class=\"pf-note pf-note--info\" role=\"note\"><p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/p><\/aside><nav class=\"pf-crumbs\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/\">IDCDC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/faculties\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/faculties\/law-governance\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/faculties\/law-governance\/political-science\/\">\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<p class=\"pf-acad-strip\"><span class=\"pf-term\" data-pf-term=\"academy\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-term__btn\" aria-describedby=\"pf-term-academy\"><abbr title=\"\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/abbr><\/button><span class=\"pf-term__tip\" role=\"tooltip\" id=\"pf-term-academy\">\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-acad-strip__text\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a IDCDC\u060c \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n<header class=\"pf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__art\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"pf-rule-art pf-rule-art--knot\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><defs><pattern id=\"pf-knot\" width=\"48\" height=\"20\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\"><path d=\"M24,3L28.9,14.9M28.9,5.1L24,17M31,10L19.1,14.9M28.9,14.9L17,10M24,17L19.1,5.1M19.1,14.9L24,3M17,10L28.9,5.1M19.1,5.1L31,10M0,10H14.5M33.5,10H48\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" fill=\"url(#pf-knot)\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"#contribute\">\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/\">\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__aside\"><dl class=\"pf-signals\"><div class=\"pf-signal pf-signal--text\"><dt>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/dt><dd>\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u064e\u062d<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/dt><dd>\u0664<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/dt><dd>\u0660<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal pf-signal--text\"><dt>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/dt><dd>\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div>\n  \n<\/header>\n<aside class=\"pf-note pf-note--pending\" role=\"note\"><p>\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u064e\u062d. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635.<\/p><\/aside>\n<details class=\"pf-notice\" id=\"before-you-begin\" data-pf-notice=\"discipline\"><summary class=\"pf-notice__sum\"><span class=\"pf-notice__k\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623<\/span> <span class=\"pf-notice__line\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><span class=\"pf-notice__tags\"><span class=\"pf-notice__tag\">\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/span><\/summary><div class=\"pf-notice__body\">\n<p class=\"pf-notice__lead\">\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642<\/h3><ul class=\"pf-notice__ctx\" role=\"list\"><li data-pf-context=\"contested\"><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> <span>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<div data-pf-notice-evidence=\"\"><h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/h3><p>\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644.<\/p><dl class=\"pf-notice__labels\"><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">\u0645\u0648\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642<\/span><\/dt><dd>\u0648\u0635\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 Crossref.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/dt><dd>\u0648\u0635\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<\/span><\/dt><dd>\u0648\u0635\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0631\u064e\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><h4 class=\"pf-notice__h4\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/h4><p class=\"pf-notice__small\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0641\u064e\u0642 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629.<\/p><p class=\"pf-notice__cite\"><a href=\"#cite\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/h3><p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641.<\/p><p class=\"pf-notice__small\">\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pf-notice__foot\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/news\/ar\/corrections\/\">\u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/about-this-network\/\">\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/details>\n<nav class=\"pf-toc\" aria-label=\"\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\"><p class=\"pf-toc__h\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#s1\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">\u0660\u0661<\/span><span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s2\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">\u0660\u0662<\/span><span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s3\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">\u0660\u0663<\/span><span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s4\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">\u0660\u0664<\/span><span>\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s5\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">\u0660\u0665<\/span><span>\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s6\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">\u0660\u0666<\/span><span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s7\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">\u0660\u0667<\/span><span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">\u0660\u0661<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635.<\/p>\n  <ul class=\"pf-acad-fields\" role=\"list\"><li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a<\/li><li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/li><li>\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">\u0660\u0662<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-table-wrap\"><table class=\"pf-table\">\n  \n  <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n  <tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2015\/10\/frascati-manual-2015_g1g57dcb\/9789264239012-en.pdf\" translate=\"no\">OECD Fields of Research and Development (FORD), Frascati Manual 2015, Table 2.2<\/a><\/th><td><code>5.6<\/code><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">OECD<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000235049_eng\" translate=\"no\">ISCED Fields of Education and Training 2013 (ISCED-F 2013)<\/a><\/th><td><code>0312<\/code><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">UNESCO Institute for Statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000235049_eng\" translate=\"no\">ISCED Fields of Education and Training 2013 (ISCED-F 2013)<\/a><\/th><td><code>0413<\/code><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">UNESCO Institute for Statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">\u0660\u0663<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n  \n  <p class=\"pf-empty\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">\u0660\u0664<\/span>\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/communities\/governance\/\">\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u064e\u062d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">\u0660\u0665<\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n  <span class=\"pf-acad-anchor\" id=\"contribute\"><\/span><ul class=\"pf-features\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">\u0660\u0661<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">\u0660\u0662<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">\u0660\u0663<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">\u0660\u0664<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u0629.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/get-involved\/\">\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/ar\/join\/\">\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645<\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">\u0660\u0666<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/civic\/ar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/development\/ar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/research\/ar\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">\u0660\u0667<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u064e\u062d<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/comparative-politics\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0660<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0664<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u064e\u062d<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/international-relations\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0660<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0664<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--ok\">\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/rule-of-law-democracy\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0661<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0664<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u064e\u062d<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/peace-conflict-studies\/\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0660<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0664<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u064e\u062d<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/political-theory\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u062a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0660<\/span> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">\u0664<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &#38; Development Council. (2026). <i>Public administration and governance<\/i>. iranians.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/public-administration\/\">https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/public-administration\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span><span hidden>\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &#38; Development Council. 2026. \u201cPublic Administration and Governance.\u201d iranians.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/public-administration\/\">https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/public-administration\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span><span hidden>\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_public_administration,\n\tauthor = {{Iranian Diaspora Cooperation \\&amp; Development Council}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Public administration and governance},\n\turl = {https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/public-administration\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/public-administration\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span><span hidden>\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/iranians-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_public_administration.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_public_administration.bib\" download=\"idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_public_administration.bib\">\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &amp; Development Council\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - idcdc2026_learn_disc\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Public administration and governance\nUR  - https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/public-administration\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span><span hidden>\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/iranians-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_public_administration.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_public_administration.ris\" download=\"idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_public_administration.ris\">\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><aside class=\"pf-closing\" aria-label=\"\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0650\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\"><div class=\"pf-closing__text\"><h2 class=\"pf-closing__title\">\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0650\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627<\/h2><p>\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627\u060c 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