{"id":3125,"date":"2026-11-02T04:38:57","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T04:38:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/astronomy\/"},"modified":"2026-11-02T06:18:18","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T06:18:18","slug":"astronomy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/astronomy\/","title":{"rendered":"Astronomy and astrophysics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"hi\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/learn\/\" data-net=\"idcdc\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"\u0914\u0930\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--girih\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><polygon points=\"94.3,68.4 68.4,94.3 31.6,94.3 5.7,68.4 5.7,31.6 31.6,5.7 68.4,5.7 94.3,31.6\" class=\"m1f\"\/><polygon points=\"50,10 59.2,27.8 78.3,21.7 72.2,40.8 90,50 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24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2v4\" \/> <path d=\"M16 2v4\" \/> <rect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"4\" rx=\"2\" \/> <path d=\"M3 10h18\" \/> <path d=\"M8 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M8 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 18h.01\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"pf-rail__i\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/country-programmes\/\" aria-label=\"\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\" data-tip=\"\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\" data-tip-pos=\"end\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.54 15H17a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4.54\" \/> <path d=\"M7 3.34V5a3 3 0 0 0 3 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h3.17\" \/> <path d=\"M11 21.95V18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2.05\" \/> <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"pf-rail__i\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/iranian-diaspora-cooperation-development-council-idcdc\/\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930\" data-tip=\"\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930\" data-tip-pos=\"end\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M15 12h-5\" \/> <path d=\"M15 8h-5\" \/> <path d=\"M19 17V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H4\" \/> <path d=\"M8 21h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-1a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H11a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1a2 2 0 1 1-4 0V5a2 2 0 1 0-4 0v2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"pf-rail__i\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/protected-participation\/\" aria-label=\"\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940\" data-tip=\"\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940\" data-tip-pos=\"end\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M20 13c0 5-3.5 7.5-7.66 8.95a1 1 0 0 1-.67-.01C7.5 20.5 4 18 4 13V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1c2 0 4.5-1.2 6.24-2.72a1.17 1.17 0 0 1 1.52 0C14.51 3.81 17 5 19 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z\" \/> <path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\n<nav class=\"pf-tabbar\" aria-label=\"\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M15 21v-8a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v8\" \/> <path d=\"M3 10a2 2 0 0 1 .709-1.528l7-5.999a2 2 0 0 1 2.582 0l7 5.999A2 2 0 0 1 21 10v9a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2z\" \/><\/svg><span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/\" aria-current=\"page\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.42 10.922a1 1 0 0 0-.019-1.838L12.83 5.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 9.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.832l8.57 3.908a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0z\" \/> <path d=\"M22 10v6\" \/> <path d=\"M6 12.5V16a6 3 0 0 0 12 0v-3.5\" \/><\/svg><span>\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u0940<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/country-programmes\/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.54 15H17a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4.54\" \/> <path d=\"M7 3.34V5a3 3 0 0 0 3 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h3.17\" \/> <path d=\"M11 21.95V18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2.05\" \/> <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\" \/><\/svg><span>\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/calendar\/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2v4\" \/> <path d=\"M16 2v4\" \/> <rect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"4\" rx=\"2\" \/> <path d=\"M3 10h18\" \/> <path d=\"M8 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M8 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 18h.01\" \/><\/svg><span>\u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/a><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-tabbar__menu\" data-pf-tabmenu=\"\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-menu\" hidden><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"6\" y2=\"6\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"18\" \/><\/svg><span>\u092e\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942<\/span><\/button><\/nav><div class=\"pf-canvas\"><aside class=\"pf-note pf-note--info\" role=\"note\"><p>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0947\u091c \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092a\u0947\u091c \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><\/aside><nav class=\"pf-crumbs\" aria-label=\"\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0902\u092c\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/\">IDCDC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/\">\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u0940<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/faculties\/\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u092f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/faculties\/natural-sciences\/\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u092f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/faculties\/natural-sciences\/physical-chemical-sciences\/\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\">\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<p class=\"pf-acad-strip\"><span class=\"pf-term\" data-pf-term=\"academy\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-term__btn\" aria-describedby=\"pf-term-academy\"><abbr title=\"\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932, \u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e; \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0964\">\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u0940<\/abbr><\/button><span class=\"pf-term__tip\" role=\"tooltip\" id=\"pf-term-academy\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932, \u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e; \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-acad-strip__text\">IDCDC \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<header class=\"pf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__art\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"pf-rule-art pf-rule-art--knot\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><defs><pattern id=\"pf-knot\" width=\"48\" height=\"20\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\"><path d=\"M24,3L28.9,14.9M28.9,5.1L24,17M31,10L19.1,14.9M28.9,14.9L17,10M24,17L19.1,5.1M19.1,14.9L24,3M17,10L28.9,5.1M19.1,5.1L31,10M0,10H14.5M33.5,10H48\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" fill=\"url(#pf-knot)\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n    <p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"#contribute\">\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/\">\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/a><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__aside\"><dl class=\"pf-signals\"><div class=\"pf-signal pf-signal--text\"><dt>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/dt><dd>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/dt><dd>4<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/dt><dd>0<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal pf-signal--text\"><dt>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u092f<\/dt><dd>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u092f<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div>\n  \n<\/header>\n<aside class=\"pf-note pf-note--pending\" role=\"note\"><p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><\/aside>\n<details class=\"pf-notice\" id=\"before-you-begin\" data-pf-notice=\"discipline\"><summary class=\"pf-notice__sum\"><span class=\"pf-notice__k\">\u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947<\/span> <span class=\"pf-notice__line\">\u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0926\u0932, \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"pf-notice__body\">\n<p class=\"pf-notice__lead\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u0938\u094c\u0926\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n<div data-pf-notice-evidence=\"\"><h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/h3><p>\u0939\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><dl class=\"pf-notice__labels\"><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/dt><dd>\u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092f\u093e Crossref \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0964<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/span><\/dt><dd>\u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932: \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/dt><dd>\u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0915\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><h4 class=\"pf-notice__h4\">\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/h4><p class=\"pf-notice__small\">\u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p><p class=\"pf-notice__cite\"><a href=\"#cite\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"pf-notice__foot\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/news\/hi\/corrections\/\">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/about-this-network\/\">\u0939\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/details>\n<nav class=\"pf-toc\" aria-label=\"\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930\"><p class=\"pf-toc__h\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#s1\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">01<\/span><span>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s2\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">02<\/span><span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s3\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">03<\/span><span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s4\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">04<\/span><span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s5\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">05<\/span><span>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s6\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">06<\/span><span>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0909\u092a-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s7\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">07<\/span><span>\u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">01<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n  <ul class=\"pf-acad-fields\" role=\"list\"><li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/li><li>\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/li><li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/li><li>\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">02<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-table-wrap\"><table class=\"pf-table\">\n  \n  <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0915\u094b\u0921<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n  <tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2015\/10\/frascati-manual-2015_g1g57dcb\/9789264239012-en.pdf\" translate=\"no\">OECD Fields of Research and Development (FORD), Frascati Manual 2015, Table 2.2<\/a><\/th><td><code>1.3<\/code><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">OECD<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000235049_eng\" translate=\"no\">ISCED Fields of Education and Training 2013 (ISCED-F 2013)<\/a><\/th><td><code>0533<\/code><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">UNESCO Institute for Statistics<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">03<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/h2>\n  \n  <p class=\"pf-empty\">\u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">04<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f<\/h2>\n  \n  <p class=\"pf-empty\">\u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">05<\/span>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n  <span class=\"pf-acad-anchor\" id=\"contribute\"><\/span><ul class=\"pf-features\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">01<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">02<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">03<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">04<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/get-involved\/\">\u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/join\/\">\u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">06<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0909\u092a-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0902<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/research\/hi\/\">\u0936\u094b\u0927<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0964<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/heritage\/hi\/\">\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u090f\u0932\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u091c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0902\u0917, \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0915\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">07<\/span>\u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/physics\/\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">0<\/span> \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">4<\/span> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/chemistry\/\">\u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">0<\/span> \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">5<\/span> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &#38; Development Council. (2026). <i>Astronomy and astrophysics<\/i>. iranians.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\">https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/astronomy\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><span hidden>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &#38; Development Council. 2026. \u201cAstronomy and Astrophysics.\u201d iranians.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\">https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/astronomy\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><span hidden>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_astronomy,\n\tauthor = {{Iranian Diaspora Cooperation \\&amp; Development Council}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Astronomy and astrophysics},\n\turl = {https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/astronomy\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/astronomy\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><span hidden>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/iranians-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_astronomy.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_astronomy.bib\" download=\"idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_astronomy.bib\">\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &amp; Development Council\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - idcdc2026_learn_disc\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Astronomy and astrophysics\nUR  - https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><span hidden>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/iranians-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_astronomy.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_astronomy.ris\" download=\"idcdc2026_learn_disciplines_astronomy.ris\">\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><aside class=\"pf-closing\" aria-label=\"\u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0907\u090f\"><div class=\"pf-closing__text\"><h2 class=\"pf-closing__title\">\u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0907\u090f<\/h2><p>\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093f\u090f, \u092f\u093e \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0906\u092a \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p><\/div><p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/join\/\" data-pf-auth=\"guest\">\u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/members\/me\/\" data-pf-auth=\"member\">\u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/contact\/\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/a><\/p><\/aside><\/div><footer class=\"pf-netfoot pf-nf\" aria-label=\"\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\">\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__id\"><a class=\"pf-netfoot__brand\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--girih\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><polygon points=\"94.3,68.4 68.4,94.3 31.6,94.3 5.7,68.4 5.7,31.6 31.6,5.7 68.4,5.7 94.3,31.6\" class=\"m1f\"\/><polygon points=\"50,10 59.2,27.8 78.3,21.7 72.2,40.8 90,50 72.2,59.2 78.3,78.3 59.2,72.2 50,90 40.8,72.2 21.7,78.3 27.8,59.2 10,50 27.8,40.8 21.7,21.7 40.8,27.8\" class=\"m0f\"\/><polygon points=\"50,10 59.2,27.8 78.3,21.7 72.2,40.8 90,50 72.2,59.2 78.3,78.3 59.2,72.2 50,90 40.8,72.2 21.7,78.3 27.8,59.2 10,50 27.8,40.8 21.7,21.7 40.8,27.8\" class=\"m2s\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"5\"\/><polygon points=\"62,55 55,62 45,62 38,55 38,45 45,38 55,38 62,45\" class=\"m1f\"\/><\/svg><span>IDCDC<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-netfoot__name\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &amp; Development Council<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__col\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">IDCDC<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/the-community\/\">\u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/federation\/\">\u0938\u0902\u0918<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/country-programmes\/\">\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/calendar\/\">\u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/search\/\">\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-netfoot__col\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/\">\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u0940<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/heritage\/hi\/\">\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/language\/hi\/\">\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/research\/hi\/\">\u0936\u094b\u0927<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/opportunities\/hi\/\">\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/civic\/hi\/\">\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/development\/hi\/\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/news\/hi\/\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/areas\/\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-netfoot__col pf-netfoot__col--countries\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/h2><dl class=\"pf-netfoot__regions\"><div><dt>\u0905\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/kenya\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/tanzania\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0924\u0902\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/south-africa\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/nigeria\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/egypt\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/afghanistan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0905\u092b\u093c\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/china\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u091a\u0940\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/pakistan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/india\/hi\/\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/australia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/japan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/new-zealand\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/malaysia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092e\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u0915\u0949\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0938<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/azerbaijan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0905\u091c\u093c\u0930\u092c\u0948\u091c\u093e\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/armenia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/georgia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u091c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/kazakhstan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0915\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0916\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/tajikistan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/italy\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/austria\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/germany\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/denmark\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0921\u0947\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/netherlands\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0928\u0940\u0926\u0930\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/norway\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0928\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/finland\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0928\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/france\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/belgium\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u092e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/united-kingdom\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0921\u092e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/greece\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/cyprus\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/spain\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/switzerland\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/sweden\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0921\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hungary\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0939\u0902\u0917\u0930\u0940<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/russia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0930\u0942\u0938<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/argentina\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/brazil\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0932<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/mexico\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094b<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/venezuela\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0935\u0947\u0928\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0941\u090f\u0932\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/israel\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0932<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/iraq\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0907\u0930\u093e\u0915<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/oman\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0913\u092e\u093e\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/qatar\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0915\u093c\u0924\u0930<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/kuwait\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0915\u0941\u0935\u0948\u0924<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/turkiye\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/bahrain\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0940\u0928<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/united-arab-emirates\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0924<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/canada\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/united-states\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"pf-netfoot__col\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">\u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/membership\/\">\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/join\/\">\u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/get-involved\/\">\u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/a><\/li><li data-pf-auth=\"guest\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/login\/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Firanians.global%2Fstart%2F\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li><li data-pf-auth=\"member\"><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/start\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/contact\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-netfoot__col\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/protected-participation\/\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/iranian-diaspora-cooperation-development-council-idcdc\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/about-this-network\/\">\u0907\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u0939\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/sponsorship\/\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/news\/hi\/corrections\/\">\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/news\/hi\/verification\/\">\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__langs\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2><ul class=\"pf-nf__langs\" data-pf-langs=\"\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"en\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">English<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/fa\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"fa\" lang=\"fa\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ar\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"ar\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/tr\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"tr\" lang=\"tr\" dir=\"ltr\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/azb\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"azb\" lang=\"azb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u06c6\u0631\u06a9\u062c\u0647<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/kmr\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"kmr\" lang=\"kmr\" dir=\"ltr\">Kurmanc\u00ee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ckb\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"ckb\" lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/fr\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/he\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"he\" lang=\"he\" dir=\"rtl\">\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/de\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" dir=\"ltr\">Deutsch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/es\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"hi\" lang=\"hi\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-current=\"true\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/id\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"id\" lang=\"id\" dir=\"ltr\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/it\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" dir=\"ltr\">Italiano<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ja\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" dir=\"ltr\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ko\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"ko\" lang=\"ko\" dir=\"ltr\">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/pt\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"pt\" lang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/ru\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/zh\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" hreflang=\"zh\" lang=\"zh\" dir=\"ltr\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__legal\"><span lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">Iranian Diaspora Cooperation &amp; Development Council (IDCDC)<\/span> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/iranian-diaspora-cooperation-development-council-idcdc\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/a> <span class=\"pf-nf__ver\" dir=\"ltr\">1.0.0.1<\/span><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__pos\">IDCDC \u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/hi\/about-this-network\/\">\u0907\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u0939\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IDCDCiranians.global IDCDC\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 01\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915\u0964 02\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u090f\u0932\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u091c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0902\u0917, \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0915\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964 &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/iranians.global\/learn\/hi\/disciplines\/astronomy\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Astronomy and 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