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brick-block · Version 1.0.0 · Measured

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brick-block · Version 1.0.0 · Measured

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Models

brick-block · Version 1.0.0 · Measured

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian material

Herodotus says a mat lay every 30 courses; Koldewey found mats every 5 to 13 courses. Asphalt is the mortar the building inscriptions name.

Range

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The Kasr. The ascent and Procession Street Verified · R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The Ishtar Gate Verified

bridge · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian bridge

Brick piers of 31 cm bricks laid in asphalt, with timber baulks in cavities, pointed against the current like a ship’s waterline. Seven river piers were excavated.

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The Euphrates bridge Verified

city-wall · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian fortification

Thicknesses, the gap and the tower spacing are measured on the stretch east of Homera. The city outline, the heights and the moat width are illustrative.

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The inner city wall Verified · R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The moat wall of Imgur-Bel Verified

courtyard-house · Version 1.0.0 · Illustrative

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian housing

Blocks of houses round courtyards, generated. The form follows the excavated houses of Merkes in general; no house is a record.

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, Merkes; The great house in Merkes Verified

cylinder-object · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Achaemenid Mesopotamia Babylonian inscribed object

A barrel profile with the text in rows round it; the wedge marks are schematic, not the signs. Dimensions to verify against the museum’s record.

Sources: The British Museum, The Cyrus Cylinder, BM 90920 (1880,0617.1941), collection record, 2026, collection record To verify · I. Finkel (ed.), The Cyrus Cylinder: The King of Persia’s Proclamation from Ancient Babylon, 2013, introduction To verify

garden-channel · Version 1.0.0 · Illustrative

Achaemenid Fars Persian garden

Cut-stone channels with basins at intervals, as at Pasargadae. Every size here is illustrative until checked against Stronach’s drawings.

Sources: D. Stronach, Pasargadae, 1978, the garden and its channels To verify

inner-wall-section · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian fortification

Plan measures are Koldewey’s. The crests are dashed: the heights are not preserved. Mud bricks measure 32 cm square on the western wall and 33 cm on the eastern wall.

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The inner city wall Verified

ishtar-gate · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian gate

Measured: the double gateway, the wings and three entrances, the row module and the order of rows and techniques. Reconstructed: plan sizes and every height above the rows; Koldewey has little to guide the superstructure. Figures are schematic outlines, not tracings. Glazed rows are drawn in tone (black, white and red, ); in Berlin’s reconstruction the ground is blue with yellow and white figures (to verify).

Range

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The Ishtar Gate Verified · R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The wall decorations of bulls and dragons Verified · J. Marzahn, The Ishtar Gate (Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin), 1992, the reconstruction in Berlin To verify

outer-wall · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian fortification

The north-east front measures 4400 m; on the south-east the wall can be traced for 2 km (koldewey1914, The outer city walls). The course drawn here is illustrative.

Range

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The outer city walls Verified

outer-wall-section · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian fortification

On the crown ran a road wide enough for a team of four horses, by Koldewey’s reading of the classical writers. Tower projection and every height are illustrative.

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The outer city walls Verified

palace-hall · Version 1.0.0 · Illustrative

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian palace

The Southern Citadel is drawn as a block of courts in a row. Its throne room, 17 by 52 m with walls 6 m thick on the longest side (koldewey1914), is not drawn separately yet.

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The Southern Citadel Verified · R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The principal court of the Southern Citadel Verified

processional-way · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian road

North of the gate the street ran between two walls with towers; their two friezes of 180 m carried about 120 lions, 60 a side (koldewey1914).

river · Version 1.0.0 · Illustrative

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian water

The Euphrates has changed its course since antiquity; the course drawn here is illustrative.

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The Euphrates and its course Verified

tablet · Version 1.0.0 · Illustrative

Achaemenid Mesopotamia Babylonian inscribed object

A generic tablet. Sizes are illustrative, not those of any one tablet.

Sources: I. Finkel (ed.), The Cyrus Cylinder: The King of Persia’s Proclamation from Ancient Babylon, 2013, the tablet copies of the text To verify

temple-court · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian temple

The plan of the main building and its court is measured, reached by deep shafts and galleries 21 m below the hill of Amran. Heights and the annex are illustrative.

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, Esagila, the temple of Marduk Verified

terrain-patch · Version 1.0.0 · Illustrative

any Zagros any terrain

A stand-in until an elevation model is approved (, copernicus-dem-glo90). It draws only on map sets, so it has no preview of its own.

Sources: Natural Earth, Natural Earth 1:50m and 1:110m, 2024, coastlines only; the relief is not elevation data Verified

tomb-plinth · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Achaemenid Fars Persian tomb

Proportions after Stronach, to verify against the measured drawings.

Sources: D. Stronach, Pasargadae, 1978, ch. 2, the tomb of Cyrus To verify

ziggurat · Version 1.0.0 · Reconstructed

Neo-Babylonian Mesopotamia Babylonian temple tower

Drawn after the Esagila tablet as Smith read it. Koldewey warns not to attach great importance to the stage figures, knows of no safe ground for stepped terraces, and writes that the complete height is not known.

Range

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The peribolos of Etemenanki. The tower of Babel Verified · R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, Appendix: Smith’s Esagila tablet Verified · A. R. George, The Tower of Babel: Archaeology, History and Cuneiform Texts, Archiv für Orientforschung 51, 2006, the Esagila tablet To verify

Courses between reed mats: 5 to 13 courses. R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The Ishtar Gate: lowest number 5, highest 13; Herodotus 1.179 gives 30 Verified
Form above the gateway chamber. R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The Ishtar Gate: a central tower (Fig. 21) or towers commanding the chamber (Fig. 43); nothing remains in proof Verified
Length of the circuit: 18 to 86 km. R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The outer city walls: about 18 km by the excavation; Herodotus gives about 86 km and Ctesias about 65 km Verified
Height: 50 to 91 m. R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914, The peribolos of Etemenanki (the stair, about 50 m; complete height unknown) and Appendix (tablet: 15 gar, equal to the base) Verified

Parameters	Default	Source
brick cm	33	koldewey1914, The Kasr: whole bricks 33 by 33 cm, half bricks 33 by 16.5 cm
course cm	8.33	koldewey1914, The wall decorations: 24 courses to about 2 m (8.33 cm a course, derived)
joint cm	joint 1.2	koldewey1914, The Ishtar Gate: joints of asphalt and mud, 1 to 1.5 cm
matEvery courses	matEvery 5	koldewey1914, The Ishtar Gate: a reed mat in every fifth course, in wall w13
courses courses	courses 10	illustrative
across bricks	across 4	illustrative
deep bricks	deep 2	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
span m	[[-280,150],[-157,150]]	koldewey1914, The Euphrates bridge: 123 m as far as made out
pierWidth m	pierWidth 9	koldewey1914, The Euphrates bridge: piers 9 m wide
pierGap m	pierGap 9	koldewey1914, The Euphrates bridge: placed 9 m apart
pierLength m	pierLength 21	koldewey1914, The Euphrates bridge: pier lengths of 21 m
width m	width 10	illustrative roadway: Koldewey thinks the piers were much longer than the roadway was wide
h m	h 8	illustrative deck height
Parameters	Default	Source
rect m	[-1250,-1300,900,1250]	illustrative city outline
thickInner m	6.5	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: western wall 6.5 m thick
gap m	gap 7.2	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: intermediate space 7.2 m
thickOuter m	3.72	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: eastern wall 3.72 m thick
towerStep m	towerStep 18.1	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: towers at intervals of 18.1 m
towerWidth m	9.5	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: frontage 9.4 to 9.7 m
towerStepOuter m	20.5	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: eastern wall towers every 20.5 m
towerWidthOuter m	5.1	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: frontage 5.1 m
h m	h 15	illustrative: the height is not preserved
moat m	moat 50	illustrative: a moat is attested, its width here is not
Parameters	Default	Source
area m	[300,-1230,880,1230]	illustrative
block m	block 46	illustrative
street m	street 9	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
length cm	length 22.5	bm: about 22.5 cm (to verify)
diameter cm	diameter 10	bm: about 10 cm (to verify)
lines lines	lines 45	cylinder translation: lines 1 to 45 (secondary)
fragmentB line	fragmentB 36	cylinder translation: fragment B from line 36 (secondary)
Parameters	Default	Source
width m	width 0.25	illustrative
depth m	depth 0.2	illustrative
length m	length 60	illustrative
basinStep m	basinStep 14	illustrative
basin m	basin 0.8	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
length m	length 58	illustrative stretch: about three tower intervals
walls m	[{"id":"inner-west","label":"Western wall, mud brick, 6.5 m","x":0,"thick":6.5,"…	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: thicknesses, gap 7.2 m, tower spacing, frontage and depth; heights illustrative
gapDim m	[6.5,13.7]	koldewey1914, The inner city wall: intermediate space 7.2 m
Parameters	Default	Source
rowHeight m	rowHeight 2	koldewey1914, The wall decorations of bulls and dragons: 24 courses measure almost exactly 2 m
rows rows	rows 13	koldewey1914, The wall decorations of bulls and dragons: 13 rows in the schema
Parameters	Default	Source
pts m	[[900,-1700],[2100,-450],[2100,650],[900,1650]]	illustrative course
h m	h 12	illustrative: the height is not preserved
towerStep m	towerStep 52.5	koldewey1914, The outer city walls: towers 52.5 m apart, centre to centre
towerWidth m	8.37	koldewey1914, The outer city walls: towers 8.37 m wide
Parameters	Default	Source
length m	length 110	illustrative stretch: two tower intervals
walls m	[{"id":"outer-mud","label":"Wall of mud brick, 7 m","x":0,"thick":7,"h":13,"mat"…	koldewey1914, The outer city walls: 7 m, about 12 m apart, 7.8 m, moat wall 3.3 m, towers 8.37 m wide every 52.5 m; heights illustrative
fill m	[7,19,12]	koldewey1914, The outer city walls: the space between was filled with rubble, a road ran on the crown
fosse m	{"x":36,"label":"The moat lay in front; its far side was not yet found"}	koldewey1914, The outer city walls
Parameters	Default	Source
size m	[300,14,190]	illustrative overall
courts courts	courts 5	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
pts m	[[250,-1350],[250,-700],[230,-350],[230,600]]	illustrative course
width m	width 20	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
pts m	[[-260,-1500],[-180,-700],[-230,0],[-170,700],[-240,1500]]	illustrative course
width m	width 140	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
size cm	[8,10,2.5]	illustrative
lines lines	lines 12	illustrative
broken flag	true	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
main m	[79.3,85.8]	koldewey1914, Esagila: northern front 79.3 m, western front 85.8 m
court m	[31.3,37.6]	koldewey1914, Esagila: court 31.3 m broad, 37.6 m long
fore m	[116,103]	illustrative: the western annex, only its circuit recovered
Parameters	Default	Source
axis deg	[[44.6,36.6],[56.4,27.6]]	illustrative
width deg	2.4	illustrative
ridges ridges	4	illustrative
height units	45	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
base m	[13.35,12.3]	stronach1978 (to verify)
steps steps	steps 6	stronach1978 (to verify)
chamber m	[6.4,5.35,2.1]	stronach1978 (to verify)
roofH m	roofH 3.3	illustrative
Parameters	Default	Source
levels m	[[91,91,33],[79,79,18],[61,61,6],[52,52,6],[43,43,6],[33,33,6],[24,21,15]]	koldewey1914, Appendix, Smith’s Esagila tablet: stages of 15, 13, 10, 8.5, 7 and 5.5 gar, heights 5.5, 3 and 1 gar; top 4 by 3.5 by 2.5 gar; 1 gar taken as about 6.1 m (Smith’s 20 feet)
temenos m	[400,400]	illustrative precinct
alt m	[{"h":50,"label":"About 50 m: the stair's height, from the length of its foundat…	koldewey1914, The peribolos of Etemenanki

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exploded-reveal

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Period kits

achaemenid · Version 1.0.0

Stepped plinth with a gabled chamber · Clay barrel cylinder with its text rows · Clay tablet with ruled lines · Stone garden channel with basins · Stylised mountain relief

Sources: D. Stronach, Pasargadae, 1978 To verify · I. Finkel (ed.), The Cyrus Cylinder: The King of Persia’s Proclamation from Ancient Babylon, 2013 To verify · The British Museum, The Cyrus Cylinder, BM 90920 (1880,0617.1941), collection record, 2026 To verify

elamite · Version 0.1.0 · In preparation

median · Version 0.1.0 · In preparation

neo-babylonian · Version 1.0.0

Inner double wall round a city, in plan · Outer wall with towers astride, in plan · Inner double wall, a measured stretch with its section · Outer wall, a stretch with its section · The Ishtar Gate: double gateway, wings and relief rows · Temple tower with stairs and precinct (Etemenanki) · Temple with a court and a forecourt (Esagila) · Courtyard houses, a procedural field · River with banks · Bridge on ship-shaped piers · Processional Way between walls · Palace with courts in a row · A block of baked brick with its joints

Sources: R. Koldewey, trans. A. S. Johns, The Excavations at Babylon, 1914 Verified · O. Pedersén, Babylon: The Great City, 2021 To verify · A. R. George, The Tower of Babel: Archaeology, History and Cuneiform Texts, Archiv für Orientforschung 51, 2006 To verify · J. Marzahn, The Ishtar Gate (Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin), 1992 To verify

limestone ashlar with metal clamps
baked clay (cylinders)
mud brick: 32 to 33 cm square (Koldewey 1914, The inner city wall)
baked brick: 33 by 33 cm whole, 33 by 16.5 cm half (The Kasr); 31 cm in the bridge
asphalt and mud joints of 1 to 1.5 cm, a reed mat every 5 to 13 courses (The Ishtar Gate)
glazed and moulded brick reliefs on a blue ground (The Kasr; The wall decorations)
limestone flags and breccia slabs on the Procession Street

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