Persian (Farsi): writing

01Scripts

• ISO 15924 Arab · Right to left

  ا ب پ تPersian alphabet

  32 letters. Short vowels are not written in ordinary text.

02Alphabet chart: Persian alphabet

Letters: Unicode CLDR exemplar characters for fa.

• 32 letters. Short vowels are not written in ordinary text.
• Persian uses its own digit shapes (CLDR numbering system arabext), different from Arabic digits for 4, 5 and 6.
• Nasta’liq is the traditional calligraphic style; Naskh is the usual print style.

Sources Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), version 49 data. (2026) Verified; The Unicode Standard, version 18.0.0: Unicode Character Database. (2026) Verified

03Romanisation and transliteration

Writing the language in other letters, by open published standards. Libraries use the ALA-LC tables for names and titles.

04Numerals

05Orthography and standards

• Orthography

  Persian orthography (Dastur-e khatt-e fārsi)

  Academy of Persian Language and Literature To verify

• Terminology

  Approved terms (Farhang-e vāzhe-hā-ye moṣavvab)

  Academy of Persian Language and Literature To verify

Sources ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority. (2025) To verify; ISO 15924 codes for the representation of names of scripts. Unicode Consortium, registration authority. (2025) Verified; Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), version 49 data. (2026) Verified

06Keyboards and typing

Windows

Settings, Time and language, Language and region: add the language, then its keyboard. Switch with Windows key and Space.

macOS

System Settings, Keyboard, Text Input: edit Input Sources and add the keyboard. Switch from the menu bar.

Android

In the keyboard app’s settings (Gboard: Languages), add the language and choose its layout.

iPhone and iPad

Settings, General, Keyboard, Keyboards: add the keyboard. Switch with the globe key.

Linux

In the desktop settings (GNOME: Keyboard, Input Sources), add the layout.

Which layouts each system ships for each language changes with every release. Check the list on your device; layouts we have confirmed are named on the language’s page.

07Fonts

On this platform the language is shown with Vazirmatn. Every face is self-hosted under an open licence.

08Sources

1. Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), version 49 data. 2026

   Verified Unicode License v3 Exemplar characters and default numbering systems, read 2026-10-23.

2. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Persian, 2012 version. 2012

   Verified

3. The Unicode Standard, version 18.0.0: Unicode Character Database. 2026

   Verified Unicode License v3 Character names, code points and block ranges.

4. ISO 15924 codes for the representation of names of scripts. Unicode Consortium, registration authority. 2025

   Verified

5. ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority. 2025

   To verify Codes cross-checked through Glottolog records; the code tables themselves were not read.

09Research and sources

Recent and relevant work on this page’s subject, from approved open scholarly sources. Metadata and links only. Titles stay as published. Not yet reviewed.

1. PsychoPy in Persian linguistics

   Elmira Esmaeelpour, Negar Sayadi · 2025 · Zenodo

   ArticleDataCiteZenodoOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

2. Virtual Persian Language Teaching to Non-Persian Speakers: An Alternative or an Option?

   Reza Morad Sahraee, Shohrehalsadat Sajjadi, Shiva Majidi et al. · 2022 · ̒Ilm-i Zabān

   ArticleDOAJOpen access

3. The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics

   2018 · Oxford University Press eBooks

   BookOpenAlexCrossref

4. Language Studies: Persian Linguistics and Lexicography

   Dr. Nusrat Rashid · 2025 · International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Insights & Transformations

   ArticleOpenAlexOpen access

5. English-Persian cross-language plagiarism detection: Multilingual deep learning approach.

   Ansar S, Zarinbal M, Mohebi A · 2026 · PLoS One

   ArticleEurope PMCOpen access

6. Preserving the Scientific Dignity of the Persian Language as the Language of People With Rich Culture and History

   Mohammad Bagher Saberizafarghandi · 2023 · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology

   ArticleOpenAIREOpen access

7. PsychoPy in Persian linguistics (Session three)

   Elmira Esmaeelpour, Negar Sayadi · 2025 · Zenodo

   ArticleDataCiteZenodoOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

8. Roshan Institute Fellowships in Persian Language, Linguistics, and Culture

   Camille Rhoné · 2014 · Diwan

   ArticleDataCite

9. Evaluation of large Language model performance on Persian rheumatology board exams: accuracy and clinical reasoning of GPT-4o vs. GPT-5.1

   Farzad Rafiei, Saina Sadeghipour, Shahab Sheikhalishahi et al. · 2026 · Scientific Reports

   ArticleDOAJOpen access

10. PsychoPy in Persian linguistics (Session Two)

    Elmira Esmaeelpour, Negar Sayadi · 2025 · Zenodo

    OtherZenodoOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

11. A Hybrid Persian Sentiment Analysis Framework: Integrating Dependency Grammar Based Rules and Deep Neural Networks

    Kia Dashtipour, Mandar Gogate, Jingpeng Li et al. · 2019 · arXiv

    PreprintarXivOpen access

12. Benchmarking Large Language Models for Persian: A Preliminary Study Focusing on ChatGPT

    Amirhossein Abaskohi, Sara Baruni, Mostafa Masoudi et al. · 2024 · arXiv

    PreprintarXivOpen access

Sources, licences and fetch dates: arXiv (Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences), 2026-10-23; Crossref (Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown), 2026-10-23; DataCite (CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (Metadata reusable; full text under each article’s licence), 2026-10-23; OpenAIRE (CC BY 4.0 (OpenAIRE Graph)), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)), 2026-10-23; Zenodo (Metadata CC0 1.0; each record under its own licence), 2026-10-23.