Turkmen: linguistics

01Sounds

The language’s phonemes, from one published description.

02Pronunciation

Each letter with its usual sound.

Persian alphabet

Sound values are a teaching guide for the standard language, labelled to verify. Dialects differ. To verify

Sources Wikimedia Commons: pronunciation recordings, each under its own open licence. (2026) To verify

03Core words compared

Ten everyday words across the languages of the region.

Persian, Kurdish, Zazaki and Balochi are Iranian languages, and many of their core words are related. Azerbaijani is Turkic and Armenian is its own branch of Indo-European, so their words differ. To verify

Sources Steingass. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Routledge and K. Paul. Digital edition: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago. (1892) Verified; Chyet. Kurdish-English Dictionary. Yale University Press. (2003) To verify; Wahby and Edmonds. A Kurdish-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. (1966) To verify; Paul. Zazaki: Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie. Reichert. (1998) To verify; Jahani and Korn. Balochi. In Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages. (2009) To verify; Johanson and Csató (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. (1998) To verify; Dum-Tragut. Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. John Benjamins. (2009) To verify

04Sources

1. Moran and McCloy (eds.). PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2019

   Verified CC BY-SA 3.0 Phoneme inventories, each from the published source it names, read 2026-10-23.

2. Steingass. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Routledge and K. Paul. Digital edition: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago. 1892

   Verified Public domain. The digital edition was reachable on 2026-10-23.

3. Chyet. Kurdish-English Dictionary. Yale University Press. 2003

   To verify

4. Wahby and Edmonds. A Kurdish-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1966

   To verify

5. Paul. Zazaki: Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie. Reichert. 1998

   To verify

6. Jahani and Korn. Balochi. In Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages. 2009

   To verify

7. Johanson and Csató (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. 1998

   To verify

8. Dum-Tragut. Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. John Benjamins. 2009

   To verify

05Research and sources

Recent and relevant work on this page’s subject, from approved open scholarly sources. Metadata and links only. Titles stay as published. Not yet reviewed.

1. SPORTS VOCABULARY OF THE TURKMEN LANGUAGE LEXICO-THEMATIC GROUPS

   Ahmet Begchiev · 2023 · Zenodo

   ArticleDataCiteZenodoOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

2. Turkmen Language

   National Cancer Institute · 2020 · Definitions

   OtherOpenAlexCrossrefOpen accessCC-BY

3. Identification of Genomic Differences Resulting from Selection in Iranian Kurdish and Turkmen Horse Breeds Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.

   Khanahmadi A, Rahimi Mianji G, Moradi Shahrebabak H et al. · 2026 · Iran J Biotechnol

   ArticleEurope PMCOpen access

4. THE CATEGORY OF POSSESSION IN THE UZBEK DIALECT OF TURKMENISTAN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE TURKMEN LANGUAGE

   Dilnoza Charyyeva · 2026 · Zenodo

   ArticleDataCiteZenodoOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

5. Quality of Life and Some Related Factors of Elderly People in Turkmen County, Iran

   Shahnaz Moalemi, Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran, Maryam Eri et al. · 2019 · Journal of Clinical and Basic Research

   ArticleCrossrefDOAJOpen access

6. Expression forms of negation in turkmen languages (based on Turkmen language materials)

   Katiba Mahmudova · 2024 · Terminology Issues

   ArticleCrossrefOpenAIRE

7. DISQUISITIONS UPON THE HISTORY OF TURKMEN LANGUAGE: K. BORIYEV SAMPLE

   Tahir AŞİROV, Gurbangeldi MUHAMMEDOV · 2019 · Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi

   ArticleDOAJOpen access

8. Purkhani as a ‘healing drama’: Analysis of a healing performance among Turkmen people of Iran

   Mahnaz Alimardanian · 2022 · La Trobe

   ArticleDataCite

9. The Turkmen Language Survival in the City of Erbil: A Sociolinguistic Study

   Sangar Othman Ibrahim · 2024 · JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

   ArticleOpenAIRE

10. Language Perceptions and Communication in the Baghdad Turkmen Community

    Bader Saed Dweik, Sara Najim Al-Rahal · 2016 · International Journal of Culture and History

    ArticleOpenAIREOpen access

11. Computer Analysis of the Turkmen Language Morphology

    A. Cüneyd Tantug, Esref Adali, Kemal Oflazer · 2006 · Springer Berlin Heidelberg

    ArticleOpenAIRE

12. Porkhani and Ishani: Women Healers in the Turkmen Community in Iran

    Manijeh Maghsudi · 2023 · Ethnic Religious Minorities in Iran

    ChapterCrossref

Sources, licences and fetch dates: Crossref (Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown), 2026-10-23; DataCite (CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (Metadata reusable; full text under each article’s licence), 2026-10-23; OpenAIRE (CC BY 4.0 (OpenAIRE Graph)), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)), 2026-10-23; Zenodo (Metadata CC0 1.0; each record under its own licence), 2026-10-23.